Jalynn West Default How to maximize your IGCSE chemistry course?

How to maximize your IGCSE chemistry course?

November 21, 2022| Lucille Webb| 0 Comments| 12:00 am

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You’ve got your IGCSE chemistry course. Now what? You’re probably wondering how to get the most out of it. Maybe you’re worried that you can’t keep up with all of the material, or maybe you just want to know what’s coming up so you can prepare for it.

We’re here to help! We’ve put together a list of tips to help you maximize your course, so you can focus on what matters most!

Tips you need for your IGCSE chemistry course

Sometimes, you only need a handful of tips to maximize your learning pace!

Always look out for opportunities to get ahead.

There are several ways you can maximize your IGCSE chemistry course, and one of them is by always looking out for opportunities to get a head start.

If you see a chance to do something earlier than expected, or if there is an assignment involving multiple parts, try to get the part done ahead of time. Likewise, if you want to get advanced in learning chemistry, then reaching for a professional IGCSE chemistry tutor in HK is beneficial.

Attend all the classes.

If you miss a class, you will likely have to make up for it later in the year. For example, if you miss a class, you’ll have to spend more time studying for an upcoming test or assignment. This can be very stressful and take up much of your time.

Another reason why it is important to attend all of your classes is because they are meant to help prepare you for your exams at the end of each term. The teachers will give you extra questions and other assignments they want you to work on while there are no students in their class.

If you miss these classes, then there is no way that they can give this type of instruction to everyone else who attends regularly!

Ask for clarification.

If you’re confused about something in your course or something that seems unclear to you, then ask your teacher for clarification. You can do this by emailing them or asking them face-to-face after class.

Your teacher will probably be more than happy to help you understand what it is that’s confusing you. A great way to get the help you need is by sharing what you know and don’t know about the topic. You can also ask questions about how the information relates to other chemistry or science topics.

Do as much research as you can.

We know this sounds like a lot of work, but research is worth it!

If you do a little research before each lesson, you’ll better understand what you’re learning and why it matters. This will help you retain the information better and ensure you’re getting everything out of each lesson. How and why does it happen? It’s the power of self-learning and critical thinking!

Preparation and organization are important in IGCSE chemistry!

So there you have it! An overview of the best ways to maximize your IGCSE chemistry course. Remember that the most important thing is to prepare and organize yourself before starting any lesson or examination.

By being prepared, you’ll experience less hassle and stress managing your chemistry coursework, and you’ll find learning very enjoyable! And, of course, do not forget to seek help when needed!

For more information, visit:marketing training course

Whatever You Ought To Understand About Your Pet’s FoodWhatever You Ought To Understand About Your Pet’s Food

September 21, 2020| Lucille Webb| 0 Comment| 9:14 am

This article aims to offer you with some standard expertise about your family pet’s food, and how it affects their health.

If you resemble numerous pet dog proprietors, you may have had problem determining just how to find a high-quality food for your pet dog at an inexpensive cost.

However, this post will offer you some tips on what to seek as well as what to prevent, providing clearness on the procedure of establishing the right type of diet plan for your pet dog.

This short article is suggested as an introduction, but we wish it will help you make more informed choices about feeding your beloved animal companion.

What are pet foods made from?

Animal foods are constructed from a variety of active ingredients, each with its own advantages as well as downsides.

SOME COMMONLY USED ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PET DOG FOOD INCLUDE:

Raw meat and bone meal– supplies extra protein, amino acids and minerals, but additionally consists of potentially harmful toxins that may exist in the animal’s inner body organ cells.

DAMP ANIMAL FOODS – when you buy a normal, dry kibble, the food ingredients are commonly combined with water and also other liquids.

DRY ANIMAL FOODS – consist of less water than a wet animal food, which suggests much less waste. Nevertheless, this additionally indicates that dry foods contain much less nutrients than moist foods.

IMMUNOCOMPETENT FORMULAS– have “immune energizer ingredients” such as vitamins and minerals, to help increase the body immune system of your animal.

What should I try to find in a pet dog food?

When you’re searching for a pet food, there are specific things you should know.

Initially, understand your animal’s size as well as health and wellness.

Different species of pets need various quantities of nutrients to maintain their health and also body weight.

This is why you can locate foods particularly designed for huge canines, small dogs, puppies as well as kittycats or grown-up cats (as opposed to simply general pet and feline foods).

Know the dietary needs of your animal, and get a food that matches those needs.

Second, recognize your family pet’s details type.thuc an cho meo for small pet

Breed is another important variable when it concerns choosing a diet plan for your animal.

Certain types require more of specific nutrients than others.

You should speak with your veterinarian concerning the dietary needs of your animal’s breed to guarantee you’re getting a diet that is appropriate for their species and dimension.

What makes pet dog food healthy?

There are a number of points that help to make pet food healthy.

First, the ingredients made use of in the pet food need to be of top quality as well as fulfill all legal standards for both USDA and FDA.

This suggests that the raw products used to make the food (e.g. meat, spin-offs, grains) should be of excellent quality (no contaminants or pollutants).

Second, you ought to try to find a pet food that does not have any artificial colors or flavors. These ingredients may look as well as taste excellent, but eventually they are of little dietary value.

On top of that, these sort of foods can have potentially dangerous ingredients like BHA as well as BHT that might not be healthy for your family pet (or you). The third thing to try to find in a pet food is nourishment.

In the USA, there are regulations that pet foods need to meet in order to be marketed.

If you see specific phrases on a plan, such as “total and also well balanced,” “upkeep” or “development,” you can be ensured that the pet food has been examined as well as fulfills the correct nutritional criteria for your varieties of animal.

Why is family pet food so essential?

Just like humans, animals need to eat food that is healthy and balanced for them.

There are likewise different types of animals that require specific nutrients to maintain their health, as well as this is why some family pet foods are particularly developed for certain species.

Nevertheless, it’s also essential to bear in mind that pet dogs do not need the precise same points we require.

For instance, dogs require even more healthy protein than cats, and also some pet dogs have also advanced with time to come to be more reliant upon certain foods.

Nutritional requirements vary from types to types, and also this is why it is necessary to understand what sort of food fits your animal best.

What are the side effects of feeding your family pet junk foods?

There are numerous adverse effects associated with feeding an inadequate diet regimen to your pet dog. Among one of the most usual is weight gain.

Obesity is a significant trouble, not just for people however, for numerous family pets as well.

Even “healthy and balanced” foods can be loaded with sugar and also carbs, which can bring about obesity in pets also.

In addition, bad diet regimens are connected to cardiovascular disease and also diabetes mellitus in pet dogs.

Profits

On the whole, feeding your animal a healthy diet is easily among the most essential points you can do for them.

The ideal kind of food will guarantee that your family pet is able to enjoy optimal health and wellness as well as a long, satisfied life.

We wish our article on nourishment has assisted you find out more about feeding your beloved pet pal.

Hydrogen Water: How much Molecular Hydrogen is enough?Hydrogen Water: How much Molecular Hydrogen is enough?

June 23, 2021| Lucille Webb| 0 Comment| 12:00 am

lex Tarnava is the CEO of Drink HRW, and the primary inventor of the open-cup hydrogen tablets we offer here. He runs the clinical outreach program for his company, works with over a dozen universities coordinating research. Alex has also published research of his own. Alex consented to us sharing his knowledge here. (Two part article:

1. On this page: Molecular hydrogen Concentration Importance

2. Linked: Molecular hydrogen testing: how it’s done and problems that may arise.)

Hydrogen (H2) is a fascinating molecule. It has not only played an integral role in the evolution of all life, but of the planet, and the universe, as well. We`ve known how important molecular hydrogen has been for life as we know it for a very long time, but it is only recently we have discovered how critical it is for our health. H2 plays a key role in the metabolism of cells throughout our bodies, from the heart to the liver to our calf muscles.

AlkaWay’s Molecular Hydrogen generating tablets

Hydrogen can increase energy, slow down the aging process, and improve muscle recovery after a workout. We can think of hydrogen as a sort of “supervisor” in our cells that makes sure everything is running smoothly. As any good supervisor, hydrogen`s role is the most important when challenges arise, such as external stress. Hydrogen dissolved in water is the most effective route for promoting health benefits. This is why hydrogen water is growing in popularity.

The big asterisk? Hydrogen works in a dose and concentration manner, with lower doses typically being completely ineffective. It`s no surprise that companies are coming out of the blue and claiming that their product delivers “therapeutic hydrogen” with associated benefits. Unfortunately, these companies put out carelessly packaged products and do not accurately state the hydrogen concentration. Usually, the concentrations they deliver are far lower than what the research suggests is therapeutic… Companies engaging in fraudulent marketing surrounding hydrogen water claims led the Japanese consumer affairs department to put out a statement that 17 of 19 tested hydrogen water products on the Japanese market contained either no dissolved hydrogen or were below the minimum therapeutic threshold.

“Therapeutic’’ Molecular Hydrogen?

As hydrogen water popularity is spreading, more and more companies are cropping up claiming to deliver “therapeutic hydrogen,” with associated benefits. Most of these companies have not supported any research, and the dosage as well as concentration provided is often below or hovering around the minimum observed therapeutic threshold. Many of these products do not accurately, or even at all, state the hydrogen concentration and dosage consumers will ingest. Some of these products contain or deliver no hydrogen gas due to packaging or processes that break down quickly.

Misleading Results

Also concerning is that many proponents of technologies that deliver low concentrations of dissolved hydrogen will accurately, but misleadingly, claim the majority of research has been done using technologies producing around 1 ppm and as low as 0.5 ppm hydrogen water.

The Thirsty Mouse Problem

What is misleading in this assertion is that the majority of research has been conducted in mice. Hydrogen therapy alters cell signalling when cellular concentrations of hydrogen are sufficiently raised in intermittent exposures.

Mice tend to consume over 10x more water as that given to humans in the majority of the clinical trials. We can come to this rough estimation by considering a 25 g mouse will consume roughly 4 mL of water p/day.

The average person in North America weighs just over 80 kg. Therefore, the average person is 3200x the size of a mouse.

However, the recommended water consumption for the average person is only 3.2L per day (2.7L for women, 3.7L for men). The mouse equivalent when correcting for weight would be 12.8 L, meaning mice drink 4x as much as humans.

When considering that human trials have not used ad libitum dosing of hydrogen water, meaning as much as desired, but a set amount- typically between 500 mL and 1 L, the numbers skew even more dramatically.

A mouse receiving the same concentration of H2 as a human ad libitum will receive roughly 12.8x the therapeutic dosage as a human instructed to drink 1 L p/day. A further potential variable is that it typically takes larger dosages of molecules to work in mice than in humans, with a standard conversion being roughly 12x more needed in mice. That said, since molecular hydrogen does not seem to work in the same pharmacological sense as most molecules, with cellular concentrations likely being key, this conversion may be irrelevant or inaccurate.

Further research is needed to address this issue. By ignoring this and converting to a 1:1 ratio, the dosages are skewed much higher towards what mice have received than humans.

Let’s Look at Some Examples: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Molecular Hydrogen

In this study on a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 0.8 ppm was effective where 0.3 ppm was not. This study was done after an initial study using electrolyzed alkaline water with a high pH, -495 ORP, and a concentration of 0.2ppm was found to be ineffective. Many marketers would have you believe that 0.8 ppm of hydrogen water will be effective for humans in this model, but no current evidence supports this assertion. For instance, the mouse model would suggest that a human drinking 1 L of water p/day, as is typically studied in hydrogen water clinical research, would gain no therapeutic benefit at 3.84 mg of H2; or 3.84 ppm hydrogen water at a liter consumption. The observed benefits were only observed at comparative dosages of 10.24 mg of hydrogen dissolved in water for a human.

In the pilot study on NAFLD using our tablets, a strong benefit was observed in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design study. The dosage? While the water was tested at 6 mg/L with a 1L dosage, the methods to conduct gas chromatography are quite prone to losses, particularly with quasi-dissolved nano-bubbles.

Our own data suggests the tablets were around 10 ppm, or a 10 mg dosage, and recent gas chromatography reports we have had conducted by a third party are much closer to this number.

With this data in mind, if we are to extrapolate from the animal research, virtually no other technology is able to deliver even the levels we know to not be effective in mice in 1 L (3.84 mg when adjusted for humans), and only our technology is capable of delivering the comparative concentration found to be effective.

Furthermore, most technologies cannot even reach this “shown not to be effective” threshold when dosed at 3.2 L/day, a 1.2 ppm dose of hydrogen water for all daily water consumption. This has not stopped many company reps from pushing technologies, often below even 0.5 ppm, claiming the benefits of this study on NAFLD.

Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s and Molecular Hydrogen

Early animal research on rodent Alzheimer’s models have used a hydrogen-rich saline, which has at this time, less well-established dosing protocols in hydrogen research, and no known comparative summaries of dosages required to reach similar increases in cellular hydrogen compared to inhalation or consumption of hydrogen water.

One publication simultaneously studied the effects in mice with those in humans, although quite frustratingly, the concentrations and dosages administered were dramatically different; with the mice potentially receiving a far higher concentration of hydrogen dissolved in the water.

The human group saw modest results, in only those with an APOE4 allele. They were given 500 mL of water with 1.2 ppm dissolved to consume a day, and an average consumption estimated at just 300 mL p/participant.

Going out on a leap and assuming that the 300 mL was consumed immediately before hydrogen dissipation lowered dissolved levels, the average participant consumed just 0.36 mg of hydrogen p/day. This is below the 0.5 mg with a max volume of 1 L p/day that the International Hydrogen Standards Association has declared the minimum observed therapeutic dose.

The mice, who experienced significant improvement in cognitive function and memory, decreased oxidative stress in the brain, DNA damage, recovery from neurodegeneration, and a significant increase in mean lifespan (but not maximal), began drinking hydrogen water at either 1month old, continuing until 18months old, or starting at a later stage of 8 months and continuing to 18 months, to simulate a mid-age protocol.

The comparative dosage?

The article suggests the mice were consuming super-saturated hydrogen water prepared at 0.4 mpa or 58 psi! If allowed to reach an equilibrium this would translate to roughly 6 ppm hydrogen water, given ad libitum, or a comparative dosage of 76.8 mg of H2 compared to 0.36 mg: A difference of 213x.

Upon a closer look at another study using the same methods, the reported gas concentrations were at a minimum 1.2 ppm upwards of 1.6 ppm. With infrequent replacement of hydrogen water just twice a day (methods not specified), the scaled dosage with half-life would still be around 2.52 — 3.36 mg in comparative conversion, or over 6.75 — 9x the comparative dosage the human participants received.

Water or Gas?

Due to the “stronger” results from a human study using inhalation on Alzheimer’s, many peddlers of inhalation units declare gas to be more effective for neurodegenerative models than water consumption.

Ignoring that the model in question has confounding variables, namely 1) A more advanced disease state and 2) Lithium carbonate was also administered alongside hydrogen, which in itself may have potential benefits in protection against Alzheimer’s (although the body of evidence does not support this yet, with mixed results).

The data clearly demonstrates that lithium on its own had no effect, while hydrogen inhalation on its own did. However, hydrogen has shown to potentially be capable of lowering other drug dosages in the past. Further, there was no washout period, and the study was more in line with observational case series. Further complicating the matter was that the relative dosage was much higher with a smaller sample population (n=11 compared to n=73).

The inhalation study cites a concentration of 3% hydrogen gas for two one-hour sessions p/day, while not specifying a flow rate, but referencing another study using the same device. This study, likewise, does not specify a flow rate, but does state that it is delivered through a non-re-breathing facemask.

The average adult breathes in 5-8 L p/minute at rest, so at 6.5 L p/minute, 3% hydrogen for 120 minutes p/day, participants were inhaling a total of 23.4 L of hydrogen gas. Reducing by a factor of 100* to consider impact between method, that is the equivalent of 234 mL of hydrogen dissolved in water a day, or 16.47 mg of H2 in a direct comparison to water- a comparative dose of 45.74x more than what was used in the mild cognitive impairment study. *the only published comparison shows that H2 when dissolved in water has similar and perhaps even more prominent effect than inhaled gas, at 1/100th the dose. This conversion is limited by a lack of data and a dearth of direct comparative studies and analysis. The exact conversion is likely different for different targets with comparative doses being affected by concentrations.

The Takeaway on Hydrogen Water

We still need a lot more research to know if hydrogen works for the models discussed above (and many others) and what dose is effective. Direct comparisons between animal and human studies need to account for relative dosing, as do comparisons between various administration methods.

For consumers not willing to wait until better trends emerge, the data so far suggests that higher dosages and concentrations come with greater benefits. When assessing animal models, conversions need to be considered. When considering claims from manufacturers and salesmen of inhalation units, conversions to effectiveness need to be considered. To learn how we test for molecular hydrogen in water, why we do it the way we do it, and how to spot the vendors who don’t know how to test, go to this article from Alex.

AlkaWay UltraStream Natural Hydrogen Water System

¹ http://web.jhu.edu/animalcare/procedures/mouse.html ² https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_weight#Average_weight_around_the_world